Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California to immigrant parents who moved the family to Bakersfield, California in 1894 where Warren would grow up.   Warren’s father worked in the railroad industry, and Warren would spend his summer working in railroading.   Warren attended the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) for his undergraduate degree, a B.A. in political science in 1912, and his J.D. in 1914 from the Berkeley School of Law. In 1914, Warren was admitted to the California bar. He took his first legal job working for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, where he stayed for one year before moving to the Oakland firm of Robinson Robinson. He remained there until August 1917 when he enlisted in the United States Army to serve in World War I. Life After World War I First Lieutenant Warren was discharged from the Army in 1918, and he was hired as a Judicial Committee Clerk for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly where he stayed until 1920.   From 1920 to 1925, Warren was Oakland’s Deputy City Attorney and in 1925, he was appointed as Alameda County’s District Attorney. During his years as a prosecutor, Warren’s ideology concerning the criminal justice system and law enforcement techniques began taking shape.   Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms as Alameda’s D.A., having made a name for himself as a hard-nosed prosecutor who fought public corruption at all levels. Attorney General of California In 1938, Warren was elected to California’s Attorney General, and he assumed that office in January 1939.   On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Attorney General Warren, believing that civil defense was a main function of his office, became the leading proponent of moving Japanese away from the California coast. This resulted in more than 120,000 Japanese being placed in internment camps without any due process rights or charges or any kind officially brought against them.   In 1942, Warren called the Japanese presence in California â€Å"the Achilles heel of the entire civilian defense effort.†   After serving one term, Warren was then elected as California’s 30th Governor taking office in January 1943.    While at Cal, Warren became friends with Robert Gordon Sproul, who would remain close friends throughout his life.   In 1948, Sproul nominated Governor Warren for Vice President at the Republican National Convention to be Thomas E. Dewey’s running mate.   Harry S. Truman won the Presidential election.   Warren would remain as Governor until October 5, 1953 when President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed him to be the 14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Career as Supreme Court Chief Justice While Warren did not have any judicial experience, his years of actively practicing law and political accomplishments placed him in a unique position on the Court and also made him an efficient and influential leader.   Warren was also adept at forming majorities that supported his views on major Court opinions. The Warren Court rendered a number of major decisions. These included:   Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation policies in public schools unconstitutional,Loving v. Virginia, which declared anti-miscegenation laws (laws that enforced and/or criminalized racial segregation in marriage and intimate relationships) unconstitutional,Griswold v. Connecticut, which stated that the Constitution contains a general right to privacy,Abington School District v. Schempp, which prohibited mandatory Bible readings in schools,and Engel v. Vitale, which prohibited official prayer in schools. Also, Warren used his experiences and ideological beliefs from his days as District Attorney to change the landscape in the arena. These cases included:   Brady v. Maryland, which requires the government to provide exculpatory evidence to a defendant,Miranda v. Arizona, which requires that a defendant being questioned by law enforcement must be informed about his rights,Gideon v. Wainwright, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during Court proceedings,Escobedo v. Illinois, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during interrogation by law enforcement,Katz v. United States, which extended Fourth Amendment protection to all areas where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy,Terry v. Ohio, which allows law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a person if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person may be armed and presently dangerous.   In addition to the number of major decisions that the Court released while he was Chief Justice, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to lead what became known as â€Å"The Warren Commission† which investigated and compiled a report about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1968, Warren tendered his resignation from the Court to President Eisenhower when it became apparent that Richard Milhous Nixon would become the next President.   Warren and Nixon had a mutually strong dislike for each other stemming from events that occurred at the 1952 Republican National Convention.   Eisenhower attempted to name his replacement but was unable to have the Senate confirm the nomination.   Warren ended up retiring in 1969 while Nixon was President and passed away in Washington, D.C., on July 9, 1974.

Essay on Ancient Greeks Philosophy Change/Motion - 1028 Words

Heraclitus, like many of the beginning philosophers was a monist. His interpretation of the one reality was fire; however, this is not to be taken literally. Heraclitus believed that the â€Å"one† could not be any material thing, but could be found in the orderliness of change and he explained fire as â€Å"always changing yet somehow is always the same.† By having orderliness, there is possibility for the human mind to understand the cosmos instead of it being chaotic and based on the gods’ wills. He believed everything changes all the time and this is occurring through a state of flux where change is constant. Heraclitus claimed that because the rate of change is constant, there is an appearance of permanence. For example, â€Å"one cannot step into†¦show more content†¦You can be asked to think of nothing, and although you can try, there is going to be some form of thought occurring. The first premise of â€Å"what is, is† has four character istics, which are that whatever is, is uncreated, indestructible, eternal and unchanging. In explaining the first characteristic, imagine of something were created. It must be created out of something, but with the premise of monism how can the â€Å"one† be created out of something else. The same is for the â€Å"one† being created out of nothing, and since there is no â€Å"nothing† Parmenides’ conclusion that the â€Å"one† is uncreated is true. The second characteristic in which what is, is indestructible is plausible because to be destroyed would take something out of existence and there is no nothing. Both being uncreated as well as indestructible would make whatever is, be eternal. And finally for whatever is, is unchangeable because for something to be changed, whatever is has to become something else or what it is not. Motion is a special form of change which is a change of place and Parmenides’ disciple Zeno had written many paradoxes explaining motion was impossible. Two of Zeno’s paradoxes were traversing a distance and the second being the story of Achilles and the tortoise. With Zeno’s first paradox, Aristotle had stated â€Å"Before any distance can be traversed half the distance must be traversed.† If you were to continue this process, half of that distance must beShow MoreRelatedGreek Philosopher Xenophanes1392 Words   |  6 PagesXenophanes was a Greek philosopher before the Socratic era whose conception of God was different from other philosophers of his time. Before the evolution of God as a non-human entity the ancient Greeks believed that Gods and Goddesses were similar to that of humans and the only distinction was that Gods were immortal and humans were mortal. He challenged openly the concept of divinity proposed by Homer and put forward his ideas of Go d through his poetic approach. He noticed the corrupt behaviorRead MoreEssay on Philosophy1146 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Philosophy started when human beings started to ask questions, about how and what things are actually, due to curiosity. The things that caused these questions to come about were the people started to realize that everything isn’t exactly what it appears to be. Philosophy started in the town of Miletus, many early philosophers came from here. The philosophers started their work around 585 B.C. Thales, one of the early Miletus philosophers, left no writings behind, all we knowRead MoreGreek Contributions Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesMajor Greek contributions include astronomy, optics, and acoustics, along with major advances in mathematics. Science in ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. The Greeks were very interested to know about the world, the heavens, and themselves. Greek geniuses were articulate thinkers. (Pg. 55, Society and Technological Change) The Greek philosophers were very much drawn to mathematics. They invented its generality, analyzed its premises, and made notable discoveriesRead MoreEssay about Ancient Athens1399 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Athens The last Olympic swimmer just touched the wall and the race has ended. Cameras are replaying every single movement from the race and a winner has been clearly decided. Just as these Olympic swimmers will gain a medal for placing, ancient Athens had numerous accomplishments of its own. Athens â€Å"prosperity †¦ was due in large part to its stable and effective government† (SOURCE 1). When analyzing the history of ancient Athens, is easy to see how the accomplishments of a democracyRead MoreThe Era Between 350 And 310 Bc929 Words   |  4 PagesThe era between 350 and 310 BC marked a dramatic change in the Western World from the first, classical Hellenic Age of the Greeks, to the second, Hellenistic Age of the Greek Civilization. This classical period was considered the height of Greek civilization and deemed â€Å"The Golden Age† of ancient Greece. The polis (Greek city-state) was the center of Greek political life for the majority of this period. The poleis were small, independent, and self-sufficient; however, too politically divided to surviveRead MoreThe Time Of Aristotle s Theory On Religion And The Understanding Of The Universe1383 Words   |  6 Pagesbreakthrough is a change in the way that people thought about the big questions of the day. Instead of basing theories on religious notions and first principles, men like Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton sought real answers that could be tested and supported by evidence. With this methodology, these men challenged classical sources of knowledge and altered classical interpretations of nature. 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Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of thi ngs by searching for a fundamental amalgamating principle, Descartes sought to establish order via some fundamental division. Descartes understands and expresses that what we know about our mind is more definite than what we know about the world outside our mind. Descartes’ philosophy is completely different fromRead MoreAristotle vs. Copernicus1501 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle vs. Copernicus Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist, who shared with Plato the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. Aristotle was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Platos Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher. When Plato died in 347 bc , Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his, Hermias (dRead MoreThe Impact of Scientific Revolution on Physics as an Independent Field of Study1214 Words   |  5 Pagesas the â€Å"scientific revolution† for the drastic changes evidenced approach to science . The word â€Å"revolution† connotes a period of turmoil and social upheaval where ideas about the world change severely and a completely new era of academic thought is ushered in. This term, therefore, describes quite accurately what took place in the scientific community following the sixteenth century. During the scientific revolution, medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in favor of the new methods proposed

Should Christopher Columbus be revered a hero Essay Example For Students

Should Christopher Columbus be revered a hero Essay For more than five centuries Americans have lifted Christopher Columbus to heights of greatness and god-like. We celebrate his life as though he was a man that had done us a great favor. In resent years Christopher Columbus has come under scrutiny, his life and works being questioned more than celebrated. There have be many great men and women that contributed to the building of our great nation but they do not receive anywhere as much recognition as Columbus. When a person begins to study the actual accounts of the finding of the New World they begin to wonder if Columbus should adored or hated for his actions. As a child I was taught that Columbus was a great man that had accomplished great things for the sake of humanity, but in reality his agenda was not to better humanity but to better himself. He found the Americas by mere chance and he did not even know of what he found. We give him credit for finding the Americas but history tells of the people, that he called Indians, already inhabiting the foreign land. So you decide whether or not Christopher Columbus should be revered a hero. Columbus original plan was to prove that early geographers were wrong and that the world was larger than computed (William Howarth). He had sponsorship from the King and Queen of Spain who were finally convinced by Columbus by his belief that he was a divine missionary, ordained by God to spread Christianity (P. J. Riga). When he got to the New World he had found that there was the possibility that there might be an abundance of gold, and gold was the commodity Columbus pursued with obsessive zeal (William Howarth). It would seem to be an item that he had a lust for more than anything. An elder on Tortuga described within a hundred or more leagues . . . an island that was all gold . . . such a quantity that it is collected and separated as with a sieve; and they melt it and make bars and a thousand objects. The credulous Admiral soon hauled anchor and departed. Gold became his journeys fleece and grail. A few days before departure he was still tracking rumors about an exceedingly great quantity of gold in Hispaniola, where he could get it for nothing. That search continued on all four of his voyages, but the Indies never yielded him much treasure (William Howarth). Columbus journey didnt start out to be a bad idea, he even gave examples of how he tried to reason and befriend the indigenous people of the Americas. I, he says, in order that they would be friendly to usbecause I recognized that they were people who would be better freed from error and converted to our Holy Faith by love than by forceto some of them I gave red caps, and glass beads which they put on their chests, and many other things of small value in which they took so much pleasure and became so much our friends that it was a marvel (Columbus Quote from Christian History). Columbus did do the world a great service when he made his exploration and some people would argue that to their own graves. The greatest event since the creation of the world, excluding the Incarnation and death of Him who created it; Francisco Lopez de Gomara (1552). After 500 years the Columbian legacy has created a civilization that we ought not, in all humble piety and cultural relativism, declare to be no better or worse than that of the Incas. It turned out better. And mankind is the better for it. Infinitely better. Reason enough to honor Columbus and bless 1492; Charles Krauthammer (M. .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .postImageUrl , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:hover , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:visited , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:active { border:0!important; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:active , .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24dfbeab4d91735e85fe2fe412a7166d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of lacrosse Essay E. Marty). Columbus is given credit for being a great captain and navigator, but was he as great a navigator as he is believed to be? Columbus is honored to be the founder and father of the Americas even though he went to his own grave believing that he had found a new trade route to Asia. After thirty-three days out from the Azores he could not imagine he was anywhere but .

Understanding Statutory Law Essay Sample free essay sample

Statutory Law: Laws passed by the procedure of running a measure through the House and Senate. acquiring the needed ballots to go through it. and so holding it signed into jurisprudence by the Governor or President. For illustration. the right against self-incrimination is statutory jurisprudence because it was written into the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Importance of the Statutory Law * Statutory jurisprudence is important to our endurance in the judicial system and whether or non we are protected in our society. It is the footing for much of our jurisprudence and how our governmental organic structures map. * Legislative acts are defined as Torahs. which are passed by the federal Congress and the assorted province legislative assemblies. These legislative acts are the footing for statutory jurisprudence. The legislative assembly passes legislative acts. which are subsequently put into the federal codification of Torahs or pertinent province codification of Torahs. * Statutory jurisprudence besides includes local regulations. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Statutory Law Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page which is a legislative act passed by a county authorities to guard countries non covered by federal or province Torahs. Statutory jurisprudence besides covers countries. which are governed entirely by statutory jurisprudence and where instance jurisprudence has no impact. * Corporate jurisprudence and volitions and probate disposal are two countries governed by province legislative acts while patent. right of first publication and hallmark Torahs are governed by federal legislative acts. * Statutory jurisprudence differs from common jurisprudence. which is that jurisprudence which is announced in tribunal determinations or instance Torahs. Statutory jurisprudence constituted a little portion of our jurisprudence compared to common jurisprudence during the early old ages of the development of our state. Since that clip statutory jurisprudence has expanded well by codifying. or set uping locally. common jurisprudence philosophies through the passage of legislative acts. Statutory jurisprudence has besides formed out of necessity. Certain concerns need to be regulated. as do some activities. The Environmental Protection Agency is an bureau. which has legislative acts and ordinances to protect the populace and enforce Torahs. Having organic structures of jurisprudence in this mode besides gives some uniformity among the provinces instead than randomly trusting on changing instance jurisprudence. A court’s reading of a legislative act may besides go a case in point that lower tribunals must follow in publishing their determinations. In this mode. statutory jurisprudence and common jurisprudence become one since tribunals must construe and use statutory jurisprudence. And retrieve that common jurisprudence is instance jurisprudence and therefore the reading of legislative acts. So. while statutory jurisprudence provides the model by which our judicial system operates. it coexists in a manner that allows reading even of these Torahs and forms the footing of common jurisprudence. Much in the legal system is a grey country in the room there is for reading. A legislative act may look to stand entirely and talk for itself but at that place will ever be person who will try to contend it and do their predicament convincing. But statutory jurisprudence provides the footing for our system and it does hold its value in that. Without it. our state would run rampant with grey countries associating to the common jurisprudence.

Free Essays on Phantom Of The Opera

â€Å"flesh and blood† signal to the readers that Erik, an antagonist of many heads, exists as a phantom to the people around him instead of a real specter, to the point when Erik receives his poetic justice by meeting his termination and Raoul, the protagonist, gets his retribution, Gaston Leroux strives to ensure that the â€Å"ghost† existed as a real human being. A great mind once said, â€Å"Tell a man a billion stars exist in the universe and he will believe you, tell him the bench has wet paint, and he has to touch it.† Human nature tells us to want to disprove something that someone says. Since Leroux knows this, he plants the seed of curiosity in the reader’s mind, willing them to read on. Only unreasonable people believe that Erik exists as a ghost. When normal readers read this novel, they catch themselves at times thinking, â€Å"No way a ghost could of done that,† or, â€Å"It is not a ghost because of...† Only an irrational hillbilly with 9 teeth could think that Erik ... Free Essays on Phantom Of The Opera Free Essays on Phantom Of The Opera Because of normal disbelief in ghosts and the paranormal, Gaston Leroux goes to great lengths to ensure that, in fact, â€Å"The Opera Ghost really existed.† In the prologue of The Phantom of the Opera, written with the feel of a gothic novel, Mr. Leroux says, â€Å"He was not, as was long believed, a creature of the imagination of the artists, the superstition of the managers, or a product of the absurd and impressionable brains of the young ladies of the ballet, their mothers, the box-keepers, the cloak-room attendants or the concierge,† he uses this explicit sentence to stress the importance that the ghost really exists. Without this assurance of the author, the whole story from here gets doubted by some skeptic, ruining the book for he or she. When Gaston Leroux says, â€Å"Yes, he existed in flesh and blood,† he precludes any thought the reader might have about drug induced hallucinations or real phantoms for that matter. From when the words â€Å"flesh and blood† signal to the readers that Erik, an antagonist of many heads, exists as a phantom to the people around him instead of a real specter, to the point when Erik receives his poetic justice by meeting his termination and Raoul, the protagonist, gets his retribution, Gaston Leroux strives to ensure that the â€Å"ghost† existed as a real human being. A great mind once said, â€Å"Tell a man a billion stars exist in the universe and he will believe you, tell him the bench has wet paint, and he has to touch it.† Human nature tells us to want to disprove something that someone says. Since Leroux knows this, he plants the seed of curiosity in the reader’s mind, willing them to read on. Only unreasonable people believe that Erik exists as a ghost. When normal readers read this novel, they catch themselves at times thinking, â€Å"No way a ghost could of done that,† or, â€Å"It is not a ghost because of...† Only an irrational hillbilly with 9 teeth could think that Erik ...

How to Campaign for a Mock Election

How to Campaign for a Mock Election A mock election is a simulated election process which is designed to give students a deeper understanding of the election process. In this popular exercise, students participate in every aspect of a national campaign and then participate in the voting process in order to get a complete understanding of the democratic process. The components of your exercise may include: Discovering and filing the paperwork you need to submit to runSelecting candidatesOrganizing caucusesCreating a campaignWriting speechesDesigning campaign postersCreating polling boothsMaking ballotsVoting What Are the Benefits? When you participate in a practice election, you will learn about the election process, but youll also sharpen many skills as you participate in a simulated version of a national election: You will gain public speaking experience as you participate in speeches and debates.You can sharpen critical thinking skills as you analyze campaign speeches and ads.You can gain event-planning experience by getting involved in organizing the meetings and rallies.You can learn to communicate effectively as you develop campaign materials and events. Choosing a Candidate You may not have a choice about the role you play or even about the candidate you support in a mock election. Teachers will usually divide a class (or an entire student body of a school) and assign candidates. It is important in a mock election to make the process fair and to avoid hurt feelings and feelings of being ostracized. Its not always a good idea to pick the candidate that is supported by your family because students who are greatly outnumbered can feel pressured or ridiculed for supporting an unpopular candidate. Every candidate is unpopular somewhere! Preparing for the Debate A debate is a formalized discussion or argument. You must study the rules or processes that debaters follow in order to prepare. Youll want to learn what will be expected of you! Your school may have special rules to add to the general guidelines youll find online. Its also a good idea to watch your opponents campaign advertisements on YouTube (the real candidate, that is). You can gain clues about your opponents position on controversial topics. These ads will highlight his or her potential strengths and may even shed light on a potential weakness. How Do I Run a Campaign? A campaign is like a long-running TV commercial. You are really designing a sales pitch for your candidate when you run a campaign, so youll use many sales techniques in this process. Youll want to be honest, of course, but you want to pitch your candidate in the most agreeable way, with positive words and attractive materials. You will need to establish a platform, which is a set of beliefs and positions that your candidate holds on specific topics. You will need to research the candidate that you represent and write a mock-up of those positions in language that is suitable for your audience. An example of a statement in your platform is I will promote investments in clean energy in order to provide a healthy environment for future families. (See real platforms from presidential campaigns.) Dont worryyour own platform does not need to be as long as a real one! By writing out your platform, you gain a clear understanding of the candidate you support. This will help you as you design campaign materials. Using the platform as a guideline you can: Write a campaign speech Draw posters to support your issuesWith permission from parents, design a Facebook page for your candidateCreate a poll on Facebook or in Survey Monkey to get feedback from votersCreate a campaign blog with Blogger

The Special Christmas Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Special Christmas Time - Essay Example The essay "The Special Christmas Time" presents the description of author's impression regarding Christmas. The time of joy, presents and pleasant surprises! You never know when you come to realize new things in your life. It seems that Christmas has a unique power to open the doors to new personal discoveries. Hurrying to work and back home, one gets into a circle of everyday problems, unable to see and perceive the real joys of every day. Christmas time brings you to a totally different world getting you from that circle and whirling into a world of wonders and fairy discoveries. Looking at the turmoil of Christmas time – people hurrying, buying presents, decorating their homes – you get the mood of the holiday, some burning wish that something unexpected and good can happen on the Eve of the greatest of the Christian holidays. You expect this good to come from some unexpected source and look forward to the wonder to come from the distance while this wonder is really within you and nobody but you are responsible for the miracle to enter your life. The awareness of the miracle came to me this Christmas. The preparation for the celebration was the same like other years – the same excited people choosing presents to their relatives and friends, the same decoration on the neighboring houses, the same wish of unexpected discoveries. This year I bought some presents for my wife and children. As always, I arranged everything near New Year Tree. Suddenly in the glossy toy ball hanging from the tree branch.